{"id":6770,"date":"2024-02-14T11:10:45","date_gmt":"2024-02-14T10:10:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/?page_id=6770"},"modified":"2026-04-09T13:27:36","modified_gmt":"2026-04-09T11:27:36","slug":"pathophysiology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/en\/pathophysiology\/","title":{"rendered":"Department of Pathophysiology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group intro wide has-background\" style=\"background-color:#003657\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Department of Pathophysiology<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-intro-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"520\" src=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/shutterstock_2240149419-940x520.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5996\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/shutterstock_2240149419-940x520.jpg 940w, https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/shutterstock_2240149419-1880x1040.jpg 1880w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group notice icon info margin-top-minus-64\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"headline\"><strong>News<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Students who have the subject enrolled repeatedly must also fulfill the conditions for credit in full.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:28px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">About<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">The department provides undergraduate and postgraduate education and is focused on neuroscience research. Undergraduate teaching of pathological physiology in Czech and English applies to students of the 2nd and 3rd year of general medicine and 3rd year of dental medicine. For motivated students, the department offers core elective subjects and the opportunity to participate in research projects and present the results at student conferences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Available Ph.D. Positions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PhD-Opportunities.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PhD-Opportunities.pdf\">Neurodegeneration and Gene Therapy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:4rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group top-border dark-blue no-padding-side\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pathological physiology I (2025)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pathological physiology I<\/strong>&nbsp;takes place in summer semester for students of 2nd year of general medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group accordion condensed-more margin-top-80\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Syllabus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-e0974b8e-0cf8-43d3-b5d8-70c11345ecc4\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Syllabus-of-Pathological-Physiology-I-2024_25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Syllabus<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Annotation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>\nThe content of the subject Pathological Physiology I is general pathophysiology and part of special pathophysiology. General pathophysiology deals with the general principles of origin, development and course of diseases and pathological conditions and pathological phenomena of a general nature. The subject of special pathophysiology is the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases and disorders of specific organs, organ systems and particular diseases. Practical skills related to basic medical procedures and their pathophysiological aspects in the context of theoretical knowledge are also taught. Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which pathological physiology follows, i.e., anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. The subject of pathological physiology I forms an integral complex with the follow-up subject pathological physiology II, the content is interrelated and complementary.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Goals of teaching<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-61bd36a6-33fa-4267-a0b2-d9afe3c14827\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Goals-of-teaching-Patological-physiology-I.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Goals of teaching<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lectures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-5a580bf3-40b8-4465-8dc1-78e2929dcb05\" href=\"xxx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Pathological physiology I \u2013 lectures<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-8905afb9-4cf8-4470-ab1e-a41ac7bccf8f\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Tumors_gen-med-dent-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of tumors<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-eeb95666-b0bf-4d70-94cb-e7a7fc6c0ae2\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Stress_gen-med-EN.doc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of stress<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-519a268c-307d-40a9-be4f-5becc8d48956\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Senescence-Death_gen-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Senescence, terminal stages, death<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-7129f9cb-c8b0-4dbb-b7ad-830a44f00f2c\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-the-nervous-system_gen-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the nervous system<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-fc39375f-d412-4525-9d21-7e21001b6e40\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-the-muscle_gen-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the muscle<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-7fb4aaa0-da78-4d3a-baca-6688c066852c\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-respiration_gen-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the respiratory system<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-a43d17eb-2f5f-4a74-a2bc-95c168e395d2\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-metabolism_gen-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of metabolism<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-b711e0ea-eaff-4f42-8649-2eb39a15c9a4\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-kidneys_gen-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the kidneys<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-8b8ad09b-b8bf-4843-9bd1-0e90ca6a4bd3\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-immunity_gen-med-dent-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of immunity<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-429c5cf5-8b3b-4ea9-bdff-08f1235ded66\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-gorwth-and-development_gen-med-dent-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of growth and development<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-274f8590-a721-4c1f-84ac-1173e3557dd8\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pain_gen-med-dent-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pain<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-de3ecc06-71ae-4db6-9b34-363d661209bc\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Nutrition_gen-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of nutrition<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-c4dc182c-2c1b-42a4-9d20-ff976ccbea31\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Introduction-to-pathophysiology-disease-etiology-pathogenesis_gen-med-dent-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Introduction to pathophysiology<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-a2d3027d-7d48-43ac-8fcf-ac71d6ff4f06\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Intrinsic-etiological-factors_gen-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Intrinsic etiological factors<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-8c9956d5-c71c-485a-b59d-d7296d23b372\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Fever_gen-med-dent-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fever<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-32b4bcac-6ba0-4a1f-8216-472ca05bb39b\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Extrinsic-etiological-factors_gen-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Extrinsic etiological factors<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-a8c685b0-7ceb-458e-83c3-70c628ecbfad\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Endocrinology_gen-med-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the endocrine system<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-08321ca9-9526-4f90-9ef7-7d60de9d7a93\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Cardiovascular-system_gen-med-dent-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cardiovascular pathophysiology<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practicals&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>For the practical exercises, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class with the sanction of absence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology follows, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-0a1c5488-646f-4ba1-b1ce-c5f57e966b8b\" href=\"xxx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathological physiology I \u2013 timetable<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-2b15cada-c600-4788-9a4e-b81b8351b9c1\" href=\"xxx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathological physiology I \u2013 programme of practical exercises<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Credit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Conditions for the credit \u2013 Pathological physiology I:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1) Active attending practical exercises \u2013 2 absences from serious reasons per semester are allowed.<br>The substitution of absences above this limit is possible only in the case of a proper excuse for missed practical exercises for serious and demonstrable reasons. The excuse must be sent by e-mail to both the main teacher of the subject for the given study group (see the department&#8217;s website) and to the secretary of the Department of Pathological Physiology within 1 week of the missed practical exercise. In the case of substituting for several consecutive practical exercises missed for the same reason, the excuse must be sent within 1 week after the last of these absences. In the subject of the message, indicate: &#8220;Excuse for classes&#8221;.<br>For the practical exercises, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology I follows, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) Submitting of correctly elaborated protocols of all experiments and practical exercises to the teacher, who assesses their correctness and confirms them as fulfilled, or returns them for revision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Students who have the subject enrolled repeatedly must also fulfill the conditions for credit in full.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Note:<br>Pathological physiology I is followed by pathological physiology II completed with a credit and exam and the content of which also covers the knowledge from the pathological physiology I course in its entirety.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Educational materials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>Education materials \u2013 text documents, presentations and annotated presentations are available on the MOODLE portal in the course&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lms.lfp.cuni.cz\/course\/view.php?id=457\">Pathological Physiology I, II<\/a>. It is possible to register for the course via a CAS account.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Mandatory literature:<\/strong><br>Sobotka et al.: Pathophysiology \u2013 Laboratory Exercises. 2013, Karolinum, 2013<br>McPhee, Hammer et al.: Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 6th Edition 2010 (or later issues)<br>Educational materials of the Department of Pathological Physiology published on educational portals of the Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University or the website of the department or provided to students in printed or electronic form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Recommended literature:<\/strong><br>Hueher et al.: Understanding Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2017<br>McCance and Huether: Pathophysiology, the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Elsevier, 2019<br>Banasik and Copstead: Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2019<br>Hul\u00edn et al.: Pathophysiology. Slovak Academic Press, 1997 (or later issues)<br>Silbernagl and Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology. 3rd edition, Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2016<br>Price and Wilson et al.: Pathophysiology \u2013 Clinical concepts of disease processes. Mosby, Inc., 2003<br>Guyton: Human physiology and mechanisms of disease. W. B. Saunders Company, the latest issue<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:43px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group top-border dark-blue no-padding-side\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pathological physiology II (2025)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Subsequent subject&nbsp;<strong>Pathological physiology II<\/strong>&nbsp;takes place in winter semester and is designed for students of 3rd year of general medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group accordion condensed-more margin-top-80\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Syllabus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-9e9f29be-1544-4bcc-a113-c8f382ca3d7f\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Syllabus-of-Pathological-Physiology-II-2025_26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Syllabus<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Annotation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><p>\nThe subject of pathological physiology II follows on from the subject of pathological physiology I. Pathological physiology II includes in the all knowledge and skills that are the content of the subject of pathological physiology I. Pathological physiology II adds other areas of general and special pathophysiology. General pathophysiology deals with the general principles of origin, development and course of diseases and pathological conditions and pathological phenomena of a general nature. The subject of special pathophysiology is the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases and disorders of specific organs, organ systems and particular diseases. Practical skills related to basic medical procedures and their pathophysiological aspects in the context of theoretical knowledge are also taught. Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which pathological physiology follows, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. The subject includes practicing and extending knowledge and skills from the subject pathological physiology I and explaining them in the context of new knowledge and skills.<\/p>\n<br>\n<p>The subject pathological physiology II is completed with a credit and an exam. The required knowledge includes also the full content of the course pathological physiology I.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Goals of teaching<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-71a0e778-5ee4-497c-a3f4-6651634b519b\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Goals-of-teaching-Patological-physiology-II.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Goals of teaching<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lectures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-889d2ad2-50f6-45f8-b3ca-16e14d488c33\" href=\"xxx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Pathological physiology II &#8211; Lectures<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-598e20ec-0a56-42a6-8c0f-8f8a28b68578\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Tumors_gen-med-dent-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of tumors<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-f390bdf5-3653-4419-8750-348e14e50120\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Stress_gen-med-EN-1.doc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of stress<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-642a066b-9d21-4cc4-942f-c733db84fb83\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Senescence-Death_gen-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Senescence, terminal stages, death<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-a7f32b95-8bc1-4653-88ea-cb991d8414f7\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-the-nervous-system_gen-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the nervous system<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-d150615e-e9ba-40bd-a1b8-58e52d99ef79\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-the-muscle_gen-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the muscle<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-99969966-0c24-4af6-8f36-572b8d7a4482\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-respiration_gen-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the respiratory system<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-dbdb2152-005a-4c71-8940-356b67adcfdb\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-metabolism_gen-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of metabolism<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-bb40d829-b5b3-455d-b48f-e12f162ddc43\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-kidneys_gen-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the kidneys<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-1850196e-dfb4-42de-a02d-8382f2cc3fee\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-immunity_gen-med-dent-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of immunity<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-16c4a800-61a4-404d-a4b1-b1cb7950abfb\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-gorwth-and-development_gen-med-dent-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of growth and development<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-816e952d-1b9e-4e18-b532-ef14fe661a99\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pain_gen-med-dent-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pain<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-55e93495-e2dd-4588-9ae7-931c07de8d87\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Nutrition_gen-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of nutrition<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-7b84728b-e25f-4ef2-b851-528b14d2716f\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Introduction-to-pathophysiology-disease-etiology-pathogenesis_gen-med-dent-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Introduction to pathophysiology<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-1aff35a0-c7e7-4684-880c-ba3595a7baa3\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Intrinsic-etiological-factors_gen-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Intrinsic etiological factors<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-ccf1589f-5470-4e84-9ccf-cba59656c22a\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Fever_gen-med-dent-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fever<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-d04df0f3-5098-4f59-9331-34974167fcd6\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Extrinsic-etiological-factors_gen-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Extrinsic etiological factors<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-4da52723-fa56-4e6b-ab26-3433152061e8\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Endocrinology_gen-med-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the endocrine system<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-be500006-4f40-4850-9448-006058393aa4\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Cardiovascular-system_gen-med-dent-EN-1.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cardiovascular pathophysiology<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practicals&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>For the practical exercises, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology follows, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology, microbiology, and pathological physiology I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-71b719fb-c373-4ecb-bb98-c1eaf5e9d168\" href=\"xxx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathological physiology II \u2013 timetable<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-4c3ad08a-b95b-4038-b288-bdc7973ea755\" href=\"xxx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathological physiology II \u2013 programme of practical exercises<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Credit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Conditions for the credit \u2013 Pathological physiology II:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Active attending practical exercises \u2013 2 absences from serious reasons per semester are allowed.\nThe substitution of absences above this limit is possible only in the case of a proper excuse for missed practical exercises for serious and demonstrable reasons. The excuse must be sent by e-mail to both the main teacher of the subject for the given study group (see the department&#8217;s website) and to the secretary of the Department of Pathological Physiology within 1 week of the missed practical exercise. In the case of substituting for several consecutive practical exercises missed for the same reason, the excuse must be sent within 1 week after the last of these absences. In the subject of the message, indicate: &#8220;Excuse for classes&#8221;.\nFor the practical exercises, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology II follows, i.e. pathological physiology I, anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class.\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Submitting of correctly elaborated protocols of all experiments and practical exercises to the teacher, who assesses their correctness and confirms them as fulfilled, or returns them for revision.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Students who have the subject enrolled repeatedly must also fulfill the conditions for credit in full.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Conditions for the exam:<\/strong><br>The condition for registration for the exam is to obtain a credit in pathological physiology I and pathological physiology II, if not set differently for a specific term.<br>The student is obliged to register for the exam using SIS (other ways of registration will not be accepted) within the deadline specified in SIS for the given exam date. Registration is necessary for the regular term as well as for potential 1st re-examination or 2nd re-examination. The condition for registration for the exam is to obtain a credit (if not specified differently for a particular exam date). For exam dates, the impossibility of registering if less than 5 days before this date the student\u2019s regular or 1st re-examination term was classified &#8220;fail&#8221; can be set. Some exam dates can be limited to regular examination, the 1st re-examination or the 2nd re-examination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The required knowledge contains curriculum of both subjects Pathological Physiology I and Pathological Physiology II. Knowledge of other subjects to which pathological physiology follows is also necessary (see syllabus).<br>The required knowledge is based on the list of exam questions, detailed syllabi and goals of teaching of the subjects pathological physiology I and pathological physiology II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The exam consists of a practical exam and oral exam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Practical exam<\/strong> consists of 1 question and description, diagnosis and pathophysiological analysis of 3 ECG records. Failure in the practical exam means classification of the exam \u201cfail\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Oral exam<\/strong> consists of 4 questions. To pass the oral exam, the student must show sufficient knowledge in each of these 4 questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Final classification takes into consideration not only the performance in the oral exam but also the classification of the practical exam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Practical and oral exams constitute one complex and cannot be separated into two examination terms. In the case of classification of any part of the exam &#8220;failed&#8221;, the student is subjected to both the practical and oral exam again in the 1st or 2nd reexamination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During preparation for the exam, from the moment the first exam question is given, or during the exam itself, students are not allowed to use or carry any electronic devices, including mobile phones, or text or other study materials and aids, except for tools and material provided by the teacher for the purposes of the practical exam. From the moment of giving the first question, during the subsequent preparation and during the exam itself, students are not allowed to leave the room. To prepare for the exam, the student has 30 minutes from the time the questions are given. During the preparation, the student can write notes only on a paper and with a pencil, which are provided to the student by a staff member of the Department of Pathological Physiology. It is not allowed to carry any other paper or notepad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to capacity reasons, the exam can be divided into several days within the given exam date. Students are required to attend the appropriate stage of the exam according to the schedule or examiner&#8217;s instructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An excuse from an exam can only be made for serious and demonstrable reasons. The excuse must be sent by e-mail to both the secretary and head of the Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Pilsen, within the deadlines set by the study regulations. Include: &#8220;Exam excuse&#8221; in the subject of the message. Any other form of excuse will not be considered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-e0c82081-a5e4-4384-9644-3a1eb77cfc85\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Practical-exam-questions_general-2025_26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Practical exam questions<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-67cb6a2e-348e-486a-bc7a-e63c812e204d\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Oral-exam-questions_general-2025_26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral exam questions<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Educational materials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>Education materials \u2013 text documents, presentations and annotated presentations are available on the MOODLE portal in the course&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lms.lfp.cuni.cz\/course\/view.php?id=457\">Pathological Physiology I, II<\/a>. It is possible to register for the course via a CAS account.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Mandatory literature:<\/strong><br>Sobotka et al.: Pathophysiology \u2013 Laboratory Exercises. 2013, Karolinum, 2013<br>McPhee, Hammer et al.: Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 6th Edition 2010 (or later issues)<br>Educational materials of the Department of Pathological Physiology published on educational portals of the Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University or the website of the department or provided to students in printed or electronic form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Recommended literature:<\/strong><br>Hueher et al.: Understanding Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2017<br>McCance and Huether: Pathophysiology, the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Elsevier, 2019<br>Banasik and Copstead: Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2019<br>Hul\u00edn et al.: Pathophysiology. Slovak Academic Press, 1997 (or later issues)<br>Silbernagl and Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology. 3rd edition, Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2016<br>Price and Wilson et al.: Pathophysiology \u2013 Clinical concepts of disease processes. Mosby, Inc., 2003<br>Guyton: Human physiology and mechanisms of disease. W. B. Saunders Company, the latest issue<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:43px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group top-border dark-blue no-padding-side\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pathological physiology I (2026)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pathological physiology I<\/strong>&nbsp;takes place in summer semester for students of 2nd year of general medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group accordion condensed-more margin-top-80\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Syllabus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-3f767778-efb0-4576-8bc8-69d573b9f8de\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Syllabus-of-Pathological-Physiology-I-2025_26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Syllabus<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Annotation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>\nThe content of the subject Pathological Physiology I is general pathophysiology and part of special pathophysiology. General pathophysiology deals with the general principles of origin, development and course of diseases and pathological conditions and pathological phenomena of a general nature. The subject of special pathophysiology is the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases and disorders of specific organs, organ systems and particular diseases. Practical skills related to basic medical procedures and their pathophysiological aspects in the context of theoretical knowledge are also taught. Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which pathological physiology follows, i.e., anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. The subject of pathological physiology I forms an integral complex with the follow-up subject pathological physiology II, the content is interrelated and complementary.\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Goals of teaching<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-f4b000c4-bc61-410c-933d-78f923e8481e\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Goals-of-teaching-Patological-physiology-I-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Goals of teaching<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lectures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-ecf0a18b-abd9-4370-96ed-9b9c334a15b6\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Lectures_General-medicine_Summer-semester-2025_2026.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Pathological physiology I \u2013 lectures<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practicals\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>For the practical exercises, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class with the sanction of absence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology follows, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-db554ac4-db34-47fd-bb82-20203fc348f7\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Pathological-physiology_time-table_summer-2025_2026.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathological physiology I \u2013 timetable<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-b2da6097-e4fd-4c82-b18b-fc110605c074\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Practical-exercises_General-medicine_Summer-semester-2025_2026.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathological physiology I \u2013 programme of practical exercises<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Credit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Conditions for the credit \u2013 Pathological physiology I:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Active attending practical exercises \u2013 2 absences from serious reasons per semester are allowed.<br>The substitution of absences above this limit is possible only in the case of a proper excuse for missed practical exercises for serious and demonstrable reasons. The excuse must be sent by e-mail to both the main teacher of the subject for the given study group (see the department&#8217;s website) and to the secretary of the Department of Pathological Physiology within 1 week of the missed practical exercise. In the case of substituting for several consecutive practical exercises missed for the same reason, the excuse must be sent within 1 week after the last of these absences. In the subject of the message, indicate: &#8220;Excuse for classes&#8221;.<br>For the practical exercises, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology I follows, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology.<br>Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class. Submitting of correctly elaborated protocols of all experiments and practical exercises to the teacher, who assesses their correctness and confirms them as fulfilled, or returns them for revision. Students who have the subject enrolled repeatedly must also fulfill the conditions for credit in full.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Submitting of correctly elaborated protocols of all experiments and practical exercises to the teacher, who assesses their correctness and confirms them as fulfilled, or returns them for revision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Students who have the subject enrolled repeatedly must also fulfill the conditions for credit in full.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong><br>Pathological physiology I is followed by pathological physiology II ending with a credit and exam.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Educational materials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>Education materials \u2013 text documents, presentations and annotated presentations are available on the MOODLE portal in the course&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lms.lfp.cuni.cz\/course\/view.php?id=457\">Pathological Physiology I, II<\/a>. It is possible to register for the course via a CAS account.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Mandatory literature:<\/strong><br>Sobotka et al.: Pathophysiology \u2013 Laboratory Exercises. 2013, Karolinum, 2013<br>McPhee, Hammer et al.: Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 6th Edition 2010 (or later issues)<br>Educational materials of the Department of Pathophysiology published on educational portals of the Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University or the webpage of the department or provided to students in printed or electronic form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Recommended literature:<\/strong><br>Hueher et al.: Understanding Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2017<br>McCance and Huether: Pathophysiology, the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Elsevier, 2019<br>Banasik and Copstead: Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2019<br>Hul\u00edn et al.: Pathophysiology. Slovak Academic Press, 1997 (or later issues)<br>Silbernagl and Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology. 3rd edition, Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2016<br>Price and Wilson et al.: Pathophysiology \u2013 Clinical concepts of disease processes. Mosby, Inc., 2003<br>Guyton: Human physiology and mechanisms of disease. W. B. Saunders Company, the latest issue<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:43px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group top-border dark-blue no-padding-side\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pathological physiology II (2026)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Subsequent subject&nbsp;<strong>Pathological physiology II<\/strong>&nbsp;takes place in winter semester 2024\/2025 and is designed for students of 3rd year of general medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group accordion condensed-more margin-top-80\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Syllabus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-6a9f111e-78b7-4cf9-904f-3552f966506e\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Syllabus-of-Pathological-Physiology-II-2026_27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Syllabus<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Annotation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><p>\nThe subject of pathological physiology II follows on from the subject of pathological physiology I. Pathological physiology II includes in the all knowledge and skills that are the content of the subject of pathological physiology I. Pathological physiology II adds other areas of general and special pathophysiology. General pathophysiology deals with the general principles of origin, development and course of diseases and pathological conditions and pathological phenomena of a general nature. The subject of special pathophysiology is the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases and disorders of specific organs, organ systems and particular diseases. Practical skills related to basic medical procedures and their pathophysiological aspects in the context of theoretical knowledge are also taught. Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which pathological physiology follows, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. The subject includes practicing and extending knowledge and skills from the subject pathological physiology I and explaining them in the context of new knowledge and skills.\n<\/p>\n<br>\n<p>The subject pathological physiology II is completed with a credit and an exam. The required knowledge includes also the full content of the course pathological physiology I.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Goals of teaching<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-29e908fb-2df0-46d5-9cc4-f567551e36c3\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Goals-of-teaching-Patological-physiology-II-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Goals of teaching<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lectures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/xxx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathological physiology II \u2013 lectures<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-1b0f9057-ef6e-4193-9bf4-7f8ee8ab7cd4\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Tumors_gen-med-dent-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of tumors<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-a6ee4af5-4b77-4d16-bcac-f823008c4f4d\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Stress_gen-med-EN-3.doc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of stress<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-cdf2b9a6-d50d-42c2-9073-bab4d3dd43ba\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Senescence-Death_gen-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Senescence, terminal stages, death<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-df956bcc-c4c2-43f6-9422-51445802513c\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-the-nervous-system_gen-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the nervous system<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-35129394-988a-46ac-bc76-82488e64f60d\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-the-muscle_gen-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the muscle<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-0bb6d684-a06c-469f-92d4-09e883fb173a\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-respiration_gen-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the respiratory system<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-2a613862-19cd-48f9-9b80-0b8c4897c3e8\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-metabolism_gen-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of metabolism<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-b5dbd8c9-8a97-4cc9-a286-048178fb3174\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-kidneys_gen-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the kidneys<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-482ecabe-a7b1-4f5a-9118-c86be44bf197\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-immunity_gen-med-dent-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of immunity<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-2523a70e-2e90-4ed0-86c5-7aef64fb1c2c\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-gorwth-and-development_gen-med-dent-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of growth and development<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-7a96f109-c0f3-43d6-95ed-771f81414971\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pain_gen-med-dent-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pain<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-6c3821ca-7f84-4e6a-b43a-5210c1092fd9\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Nutrition_gen-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of nutrition<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-24f38fa4-8cb8-4f53-ac42-87d6d07af656\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Introduction-to-pathophysiology-disease-etiology-pathogenesis_gen-med-dent-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Introduction to pathophysiology<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-de4e8794-bb87-4f47-86fb-8a67cf2b1ac5\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Intrinsic-etiological-factors_gen-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Intrinsic etiological factors<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-42dfa6a5-9653-4067-aeb6-22955333ce59\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Fever_gen-med-dent-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fever<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-4beea72c-38a7-4a6e-a8b7-ead855f19e16\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Extrinsic-etiological-factors_gen-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Extrinsic etiological factors<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-4235eb23-a3eb-45fd-b29e-be17b5ba4382\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Endocrinology_gen-med-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of the endocrine system<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-dfe595a7-dbf0-4797-bbe5-554caf764309\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Cardiovascular-system_gen-med-dent-EN-3.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cardiovascular pathophysiology<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practicals&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Requirements<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the practical exercises, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology follows, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology, pathological physiology I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/xxx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathological physiology II \u2013 timetable<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/xxx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Practicals-Pathological-physiology-II-WS-2024_2025-ENG.pdf\">Pathological physiology II \u2013 programme of practical exercises<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Credit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Conditions for the credit \u2013 Pathological physiology II:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Active attending practical exercises \u2013 2 absences from serious reasons per semester are allowed.<br>The substitution of absences above this limit is possible only in the case of a proper excuse for missed practical exercises for serious and demonstrable reasons. The excuse must be sent by e-mail to both the main teacher of the subject for the given study group (see the department&#8217;s website) and to the secretary of the Department of Pathological Physiology within 1 week of the missed practical exercise. In the case of substituting for several consecutive practical exercises missed for the same reason, the excuse must be sent within 1 week after the last of these absences. In the subject of the message, indicate: &#8220;Excuse for classes&#8221;.<br>For the practical exercises, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology II follows, i.e. pathological physiology I, anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class..<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Submitting of correctly elaborated protocols of all experiments and practical exercises to the teacher, who assesses their correctness and confirms them as fulfilled, or returns them for revision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Students who have the subject enrolled repeatedly must also fulfill the conditions for credit in full.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Conditions for the exam:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The condition for registration for the exam is to obtain a credit in pathological physiology I and pathological physiology II, if not set differently for a specific term.<br>The student is obliged to register for the exam using SIS (other ways of registration will not be accepted) within the deadline specified in SIS for the given exam date. Registration is necessary for the regular term as well as for potential 1st re-examination or 2nd re-examination. The condition for registration for the exam is to obtain a credit (if not specified differently for a particular exam date). For exam dates, the impossibility of registering if less than 5 days before this date the student\u2019s regular or 1st re-examination term was classified &#8220;fail&#8221; can be set. Some exam dates can be limited to regular examination, the 1st re-examination or the 2nd re-examination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pathological physiology II follows pathological physiology I. The required knowledge contains curriculum of both subjects pathological physiology I and pathological physiology II. Knowledge of other subjects to which pathological physiology follows is also necessary (see syllabus).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The required knowledge is based on the list of exam questions, the syllabi and goals of teaching of the subjects Pathological Physiology I and Pathological Physiology II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The exam consists of a practical exam and oral exam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Practical exam<\/strong>&nbsp;consists of 1 question and description, diagnosis and pathophysiological analysis of 3 ECG records. Failure in the practical exam means classification of the exam \u201cfail\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Oral exam<\/strong>&nbsp;consists of 4 questions. To pass the oral exam, the student must show sufficient knowledge in each of these 4 questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Final classification takes into consideration not only the performance in the oral exam but also the classification of the practical exam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Practical and oral exams constitute one complex and cannot be separated into two examination terms. In the case of classification of any part of the exam &#8220;failed&#8221;, the student is subjected to both the practical and oral exam again in the 1st or 2nd reexamination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During preparation for the exam, from the moment the first exam question is given, or during the exam itself, students are not allowed to use or carry any electronic devices, including mobile phones, or text or other study materials and aids, except for tools and material provided by the teacher for the purposes of the practical exam. From the moment of giving the first question, during the subsequent preparation and during the exam itself, students are not allowed to leave the room. To prepare for the exam, the student has 30 minutes from the time the questions are given. During the preparation, the student can write notes only on a paper and with a pencil, which are provided to the student by a staff member of the Department of Pathological Physiology. It is not allowed to carry any other paper or notepad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An excuse from an exam can only be made for serious and demonstrable reasons. The excuse must be sent by e-mail to both the secretary and head of the Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Pilsen, within the deadlines set by the study regulations. Include: &#8220;Exam excuse&#8221; in the subject of the message. Any other form of excuse will not be considered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to capacity reasons, the exam can be divided into several days within the given exam date. Students are required to attend the appropriate stage of the exam according to the schedule or examiner&#8217;s instructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-77465055-0964-406d-a777-a3c6d580023e\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Practical-exam-questions_general-2026_27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Practical exam questions<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-c62ee8f3-b7b3-4b22-a470-e70def86b449\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Oral-exam-questions_general-2026_27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral exam questions<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Educational materials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>Education materials \u2013 text documents, presentations and annotated presentations are available on the MOODLE portal in the course&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lms.lfp.cuni.cz\/course\/view.php?id=457\">Pathological Physiology I, II<\/a>. It is possible to register for the course via a CAS account.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Mandatory literature:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sobotka et al.: Pathophysiology \u2013 Laboratory Exercises. 2013, Karolinum, 2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McPhee, Hammer et al.: Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 6th Edition 2010 (or later issues)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Educational materials of the Department of Pathological Physiology published on educational portals of the Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University or the website of the department or provided to students in printed or electronic form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Recommended literature:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hueher et al.: Understanding Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McCance and Huether: Pathophysiology, the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Elsevier, 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Banasik and Copstead: Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hul\u00edn et al.: Pathophysiology. Slovak Academic Press, 1997 (or later issues)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Silbernagl and Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology. 3rd edition, Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Price and Wilson et al.: Pathophysiology \u2013 Clinical concepts of disease processes. Mosby, Inc., 2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Guyton: Human physiology and mechanisms of disease. W. B. Saunders Company, the latest issue<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:43px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group top-border dark-blue no-padding-side\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dental Medicine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group accordion condensed-more margin-top-80\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Syllabus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-21653cfe-c337-4c6e-b607-8ba3bcac7345\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Syllabus_dental-medicine-2025_26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Syllabus<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Annotation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>The subject content consists of general and special pathophysiology, i.e. general principles of pathological phenomena, etiology and pathogenesis of disorders of particular organs and organ systems and particular diseases including explanation of relations between normal and pathological processes in various organ systems and on various levels of the organism. Practical skills related to basic medical approaches in the context of theoretical knowledge are also taught. Knowledge of subjects which pathophysiology follows up on, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology, is an integral part of pathophysiology and are interrelated and used for explanation of principles of diseases and pathological processes. Teaching of pathophysiology for dental medicine students is focused in details on general pathophysiology and on special pathophysiology of severe states and those states that can arise as a complication of stomatological diseases or their treatment and pathophysiology of diseases that could determine a high-risk patient from the point of view of the dental medicine. Other areas of pathophysiology are explained on the level of basal overview with respect to interconnections between pathophysiology of individual organ systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The subject is completed with a credit and an exam. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lectures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-667e51c0-7853-4dae-80ba-404dfedf6698\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Lectures_Dental-medicine_Summer-semester-2025_2026.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Lectures on pathophysiology \u2013 summer semester<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-96415a78-1129-42e9-9d30-96ede0931582\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Tumors_gen-med-dent-med-EN-4.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of tumors<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-390d97bd-d5f0-4337-b097-f68ab65bbf62\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Etiological-factors_dent-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Intrinsic etiological factors<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-3fe5bc7a-c6a0-495e-a1c7-6a3a3afcf833\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Death_dent-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Death<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-977f3cb9-7e16-47f0-9e46-c67406df1f48\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Blood_dent-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of blood<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-389e884b-9148-4981-916e-6efaca52c359\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pathophysiology-of-immunity_gen-med-dent-EN-4.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of immunity<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-e447f568-3367-4d96-916e-af55b2328733\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Growth-and-developmen-dent-EN.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathophysiology of growth and development<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-159abe52-3978-4bce-9c44-7d94aff75ef6\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Pain_gen-med-dent-EN-4.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pain<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-1dd3571b-81a5-4e0f-ad2d-37db2cc4bf1d\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Introduction-to-pathophysiology-disease-etiology-pathogenesis_gen-med-dent-EN-4.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Introduction to pathophysiology<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-e579144e-6d38-4d85-8996-8de66512d653\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Fever_gen-med-dent-med-EN-4.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fever<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-099dfa6a-d4fc-4cdf-a65c-f5ddebdf2aaa\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Lecture-handout_Cardiovascular-system_gen-med-dent-EN-4.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cardiovascular pathophysiology<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practicals&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Practicals<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the practical exercises, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class with the sanction of absence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology follows, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-01dd827d-86a0-4e05-b78a-db1c1f5443e6\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Pathological-physiology_time-table_summer-2025_2026.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathological physiology \u2013 timetable<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-1e3017d7-0636-4986-be9a-31cacbe47a0c\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Practical-exercises_Dental-medicine_Summer-semester-2025_2026.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pathological physiology \u2013 program of practical exercises<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Credit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Conditions for the credit :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Active attending practical exercises \u2013 1 absence from serious reasons per semester is allowed. The substitution of absences above this limit is possible only in the case of a proper excuse for missed practical exercises for serious and demonstrable reasons. The excuse must be sent by e-mail to both the main teacher of the subject for the given study group (see the department&#8217;s website) and to the secretary of the Department of Pathological Physiology within 1 week of the missed practical exercise. In the case of substituting for several consecutive practical exercises missed for the same reason, the excuse must be sent within 1 week after the last of these absences. In the subject of the message, indicate: &#8220;Excuse for classes&#8221;.<br>Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology II follows, i.e. pathological physiology I, anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Students who are enrolled in the subject repeatedly must also fulfill the conditions for credit in full.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Conditions for the exam:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The student is obliged to register for the exam using SIS (other ways of registration will not be accepted) within the deadline specified in SIS for the given exam date. Registration is necessary for the regular term as well as for potential 1st re-examination or 2nd re-examination. The condition for registration for the exam is to obtain a credit (if not specified differently for a particular exam date). For exam dates, the impossibility of registering if less than 5 days before this date the student\u2019s regular or 1st re-examination term was classified &#8220;fail&#8221; can be set. Some exam dates can be limited to regular examination, the 1st re-examination or the 2nd re-examination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The required knowledge is based on the list of exam questions, the syllabus of the subject, and goals of teaching. Knowledge of other subjects to which pathological physiology follows is also necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The exam consists of a practical exam and oral exam.<br><strong>Practical exam<\/strong> consists of question related to practical exercises. Failure in the practical exam means classification of the exam \u201cfail\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Oral exam<\/strong> consists of 3 questions. To pass the oral exam, the student must show sufficient knowledge in each of these 3 questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Final classification takes into consideration not only the performance in the oral exam but also the classification of the practical exam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Practical and oral exams constitute one complex and cannot be separated into two examination terms. In the case of classification of any part of the exam &#8220;failed&#8221;, the student is subjected to both the practical and oral exam again in the 1st or 2nd reexamination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During preparation for the exam, from the moment the first exam question is given, or during the exam itself, students are not allowed to use or carry any electronic devices, including mobile phones, or text or other study materials and aids, except for tools and material provided by the teacher for the purposes of the practical exam. From the moment of giving the first question, during the subsequent preparation and during the exam itself, students are not allowed to leave the room. To prepare for the exam, the student has 30 minutes from the time the questions are given. During the preparation, the student can write notes only on a paper and with a pencil, which are provided to the student by a staff member of the Department of Pathological Physiology. It is not allowed to carry any other paper or notepad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to capacity reasons, the exam can be divided into several days within the given exam date. Students are required to attend the appropriate stage of the exam according to the schedule or examiner&#8217;s instructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An excuse from an exam can only be made for serious and demonstrable reasons. The excuse must be sent by e-mail to both the secretary and head of the Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Pilsen, within the deadlines set by the study regulations. Include: &#8220;Exam excuse&#8221; in the subject of the message. Any other form of excuse will not be considered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-80a2244c-2f3b-4dda-844e-40697924b84b\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Practical-exam-questions_dental-2025_26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Practical exam questions<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-141ac57f-a349-46cd-a145-de050acaa432\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Oral-exam-questions_dental-2025_26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral exam questions<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Educational materials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>Education materials \u2013 text documents, presentations and annotated presentations are available on the MOODLE portal in the course Pathophysiology \u2013 dental and also in the course Pathological Physiology I, II which is primarily intended for general medicine students. It is possible to register for the course via a CAS account.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Mandatory literature:<\/strong><br>Sobotka et al.: Pathophysiology \u2013 Laboratory Exercises. 2013, Karolinum, 2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McPhee, Hammer et al.: Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 6th Edition 2010 (or later issues)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Educational materials of the Department of Pathological Physiology published on educational portals of the Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University or the webpage of the department or provided to students in printed or electronic form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Recommended literature:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hueher et al.: Understanding Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McCance and Huether: Pathophysiology, the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Elsevier, 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Banasik and Copstead: Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hul\u00edn et al.: Pathophysiology. Slovak Academic Press, 1997 (or later issues)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Silbernagl and Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology. 3rd edition, Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Price and Wilson et al.: Pathophysiology \u2013 Clinical concepts of disease processes. Mosby, Inc., 2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Guyton: Human physiology and mechanisms of disease. W. B. Saunders Company, the latest issue<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:43px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group top-border dark-blue no-padding-side\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Core elective subject<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group accordion condensed-more margin-top-80\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Brain \u2013 mechanisms and pathophysiology of its higher functions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>Abstract:<br>You\u2019ll learn about mechanisms of higher cognitive functions of the brain \u2013 learning and memory, sensory information processing, decision making, etc. The main impact of the course is on experimental neuroscience across its cellular and systems levels, and both on its basic and most recent achievements. Despite we\u2019ll always look for the relevant clinical projections, the primary focus is scientific. The seminar will mainly build on your previous knowledges in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology.<br>Guarantor: Je\u017eek Karel, M.D., Ph.D.<br>Literature:<br>Principles of Neural Science, Kandel et al., McGraw-Hill Education \/ Medical, 2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-e4f3adff-6522-4d22-ae6c-9610ff002733\" href=\"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/core_electiveBrain.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">current information<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group top-border dark-blue no-padding-side\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Research<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After the founding of the faculty in 1945, the activities of the staff of the institute consisted almost exclusively of teaching. From the beginning of the 1950s, research activities focused on higher nervous activity were started, and thus the future scientific profiling of the institute focused on experimental research of the nervous system was determined. Since the mid-1990s, research has focused on the pathophysiology of the cerebellum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At present, the central point of the research focus remains the issue of cerebellar degeneration. Using several mouse models and more experimental approaches (behavioral, electrophysiological, histological, histo- and immunohistochemical methods), not only the pathogenetic mechanisms of these processes in various conditions (stress factors, enriched environment) are studied, but there is also an effort to find ways to influence them, for example with neuropharmaceuticals, growth factors and neurotransplantation. As part of this research, there is a long-term cooperation with a number of domestic and foreign laboratories. In recent years, the research activities of the department are linked with the scientific activities of the Biomedical Center.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Department of Pathophysiology<br>Charles University<br>Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen<br>alej Svobody 1655\/76, building U2<br>32300 Pilsen<br>tel: + 420 377 593 360<br>e-mail: andrea.korandova@lfp.cuni.cz<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/is.cuni.cz\/webapps\/whois2\/org\/1785831323137274\/?lang=cs\">Staff<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Department of Pathophysiology News About The department provides undergraduate and postgraduate education and is focused on neuroscience research. Undergraduate teaching of pathological physiology in Czech and English applies to students&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":139,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"coauthors":[98,183],"class_list":["post-6770","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6770","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6770"}],"version-history":[{"count":82,"href":"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6770\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24431,"href":"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6770\/revisions\/24431"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6770"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lfp.cuni.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=6770"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}